kya |
2009-08-07 13:29 |
�⹹�ո����ס��������ո����ס��и�
�������Ҳ�֪��Ӧ�ø��Ķ������Ҹ�����ˡ�
Ô�ģ�
�⹹�ո����� ���������ո����ס��иУ�1��
2008-Jan-26th Kya
�ո�������������ѧʷ�ϵĵ�һλ��ʦ���ǰ���ͼ��Plato����2����ʦ����������ʿ��£�Aristotle����ʦ��������һ�����Ǵ��̵�ʷѧ��ɫŵ�ң�Xenophon���� �ո�����������70֮ʱ���ŵ�ǰ��д����֮�̣����������Ǽ��ٷ�����ʷ����ѧ�����ϵġ����·����������ŵ�Ϊ�׵�����ͬ�˺���˹�ʹ�Ϊ�׵�˹�ʹ�ͬ��֮�䱬����ϣ���ڲ��IJ��ޱ�����ս����ս�������ڹ�Ԫǰ431�꣬�ո�����һ���μ�������ս�ۣ���һ���ǵ���ս�������IJ������ս�ۣ��ڶ����ǹ�Ԫǰ424��ĵ�����ս�ۣ��������ǹ�Ԫǰ422���ɫ��˹�İ��Dz���֮ս��Amphipolis����3���������ո�������ս���б��ֳ��˼���ĸ��������ͣ��ɴ˿��Կ���������ǰ���ŵ��Ч����ά����������ˣ��ո�������ս����Ҳ���ֳ��˼���ĸ������ս�ѵ����ꡣ��ƽʱ���ٴ�Ь��������ѩ�ص�ս����Ҳ����˫�ţ�4���� �ŵ��˰����Ϊ�������ˣ�ʵ�����ڶ������ŵ�Ŀ���֮�¡�����˳ǰ���Ҫ�˳������������ܡ�����ǰ�����������IJ������ս�ۣ�������������Ϊ������dzǰ���Ҫ�����ŵ��˰���⵽�ŵ��Ⱥ���Dz��70��ս��������3000��װ��������ѹ�������֮�£�ʵ�й�ͷͳ�ε�˹�ʹ�����ȴ���ֵý�Ϊ������ ���ޱ�����ս��������˹�ʹ���������ŵ��������ﵺ�IJ���������������Syracuse�������ŵ��˰�ʧ�ܶ����գ��̶�˹�ʹ��ֲ����ʮ��������5����̨�����ŵ俪ʼʵ�й�ͷͳ�Ρ� ��Ԫǰ403���ŵ����������Ʒ�������ͳ�Σ����»ָ��������ơ��������ƶȲ�ͬ�����������ƶȣ������������ؾ����Լ������� ��ʮ������̨���������Ҳ���ǹ�Ԫǰ399�꣬�ո�������ʽ�⵽ָ�ء������ո��������ָ�صĹ������ˣ�һ�Ǵ����ŵ����μҺ��ֹ����˵İ���ͼ˹��Anytus�������Ǵ���ʫ�˵�÷��ͼ˹��Meletus�������Ǵ���������˵�ҵ�������Lycon�����������˶��ո����׹����������ָ�أ������ŵ�����������͸�ʴ���ꡣ����Ҫ���ǵ����⣬�Ƕ��ո����׵�ָ�ؾ����Dz��ǡ�����˵�ڶ��̶����ǣ������������ʵ�ָ�ء� �ո������Լ�����һЩ�ŵ�����dz�����ƽ����������ͬ�����α����ġ����Ͽɹ���ͳ�Σ�Aristocracy�������߹�ͷͳ�Σ�����������������ƽ��ͳ�Σ�democracy��������ʵҲ���е����ġ������ر���ƽ�����ǵ���ҪԸ�����ԡ�ʳ������֣������Ƕ���������������������Ҫ˵��ʡ�����������ո����׿�����ƽ��ġ�û��ʡ�������ǡ���ֵ�ù����ġ�ǰ��˵����ϣ����ƽ�����β�ͬ���ִ���������������������ƽ������ξ��߸�������޷��ų�Ŀ���dz��ֻ�����ֵĿ��ܡ�ʵ���ϣ��ڲ��ޱ�����ս�����ŵ�ġ���ʮ������ʱ�ڣ�����һЩ�������ո�����Ҳ���������ѡ�ǰ���ᵽ������������֮һ������ͼ˹���ȴ������ŵ����μҺ��ֹ����ˣ�ͬʱ���ո�����������������������Ʒ�����ͳ��֮�󣻻���һ����Ҫ���棬�ո�������֮��ϣ������ϵ�������ꡢ������Ϊϣ�������İ������Ȱ���˹��Alcibiades�����ڲ��ޱ�����ս����Ͷ��˹�ʹ��˰����ո��������Ѱ��ߵĽ���Ҳ��Ϊһ���ɵ㡣�ɴˣ��ո����׵�����������һ������Ŀ�ĵ���ɴ��Ȼ�������Ҳ�˵��ȫû������Ŀ�ģ���һ����Ŀ�Ŀ��ܲ����������أ����Ľ��������ÿһ��ָ�ص���ȷ�ԣ���ǰ��˵�������ڲ��ޱ�����ս���У��ո�����һֱ��Ϊ�ŵ�Ч�ң���ս����Ҳ����ս�ѡ�����ͻ������һ���棬�ڹ�Ԫǰ403�����������Ʒ������󣬶��Ҵ������ʵ�������⣬�ո����׻������ڽ�����Ϊ�����ǵ������ͱ�������𲣬�ο�������������һ��û�з������������7����Ȼ������70��ĸ��仹Ҫ��������𲣬��ȷ����Ԥʾ�����µIJ�ͬѰ���ģ���Ϊ��ʹ������ɱ���ո����ף���Ҳ��˶�ã�����Ҫ������ָ�����֣�Ҳ������ģ�����ǰ���Ϊһ�Ref.: impiety and corrupting the youth of the city��answers.com���� ��һ�����ڲ����ŵ�����Ҫ����Ϊ�����ڽ��׵Ľ��ƺ��������ı��ۡ�����ͼ���С�ŷ������ƪ����Euthyphro������Ҫ���صľ����ո�������ŷ������ĶԻ�������ͼ��̽����Ҫ���ڵ�����֤����Ϊ����������õġ��ո�����ʽ����Ҳ���ǡ�ڵ�ʷ�����6������ŷ���������ۡ���ʥ�������⡣������Ʒ�����Ϊ�ŵ���˾��ŷ�������ں�������Ϊ����Ϊ����������ȻӦ����ͨ�ġ���ʥ���۵㣬�ó����µġ���ʥ���������������塢������Ҳ�����Ͽɡ��Ĺ۵㡣�ɴ˿������ո����׵����ֲ������Լ����塢�ӶԷ��Ķ������ҳ���������֪�����Ʒ�һ������ר�ҹ��й۵�ķ�ʽ����ȷ�ڿ͹��ϼ�Å�˱�ڵ���ߡ�Ȼ�������ո�����ͬʱ����ϲ�����Ұ���˹�зң�Aristophanes���ڡ��ơ���Cloud���н��ո��������Ϊ���������塱�ġ��շѵĽ�ʦ���͡��о������������������Զ������ͼ����Ȼ������������ƵĹ�ϵ����ܿ��ܾ���ϲ�������ơ�����Դ���ġ���Ȼ��ѧ�ҡ���Ҳ�Dz�������ʵ�ġ�һ���棬����˹�зҵġ��ơ���һ��ϲ�磬��Ȼ��ϲ�磬����ȫ�н���ʵ����Ť���Դﵽϲ��Ч�������ò£¨´ï¿½É«Åµï¿½ÒµÄ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½Í°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°¢ï¿½ï¿½Ë¹ï¿½Ð·ÒµÄ¡ï¿½ï¿½Æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½È»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»Ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ÎªÉ«Åµï¿½ÒºÍ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¼ï¿½ï¿½Îªï¿½Õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µÄ¸ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½Õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÎªÒ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½Ó¡ï¿½Å·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¿ï¿½ï¿½Ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÇµØµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Îªï¿½ï¿½ÖªÎªÒ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ú½Ì¸Ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½Ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Üµï¿½Ö¸ï¿½Øµï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½Ô�� �ڶ���������������һ������ʵ����Ҳ���Ա�дΪ�����ñ¡±¡ï¿½ï¿½Õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¥Ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½divine sign������������һ���ƣ�����ָ�����Կ�ʵ�������ⲻ���������ݣ�Ҳ����һ��������ڽ�˼�롣��Ϊ��������ʥָ�������и�����Ӧ����ʲô��Ӧ����ʲô��������̫����İ����޼���õ�����������ʲô���������أ�Ȼ����ʵ��˵�����롰��ʥָ����������������ո����׶�������������к����Եġ����޶�֤��֮�١�����ȫ���Խ��Լ������ۺ���Ϊһ���Թ�Ϊ�����ָ�������������Ҫ�󡣼����������������ʥָ��������������ָ���ߵġ��������ñ¡±»ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¥Ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô¼ï¿½Ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ö¶Î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¸ï¿½ï¿½àµ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä¼Æµï¿½ï¿½Ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÂµÄ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä¿Õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ú´ï¿½ï¿½Ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½È«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½É¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¬Ö§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²¡£ï¿½ï¿½Ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë¡ï¿½ ��������ʴ���ꡣ���Ȳ��ò�˵ǰ���ᵽ���ո������������갢�����Ȱ���˹��������ϵ���������Ȱ���˹���ո�����׷��������꣬�ڲ��ޱ�����ս��������Ͷ����˹�ʹ��˰��ϣ���ձ����Ŷ���Ů�Ե����ӣ���ʵ��������������������ֻ�dz�����ʵ��û���Ա����ӵ����⣩��ϣ������Ϊ���Բ������������ԵĶ����Ů������������ֳ�����ֵĹ��ߡ���ˣ����������Զ���֮���������У�������������İ��顣ϣ������ϣ����Ϊ�ձ飬�������������������������ͬ�԰���Ϊ������һ���������������˶�ϣ������������������������ߡ���ˣ����������������ϵ������ܳ�Ϊ��ʱָ�ص���Ҫ��ʵ����Ӧ�����ո������������Ѱ���Ϊ�İ������Ȱ���˹�Ľ�������һ���棬�ո����׵�ڵ�ʷ��ǡ�������ҡ��ģ���Ϊ��ּ��ڵ�ʶԷ��Ķ��塢�ҳ��Է��Ի��е��߼���һ�¡�ָ������Ϊ����һ����ϰ�����ŵ�����ѧ��֮�󣬻�ڵ�����ǵij�����Ȩ���� ����������ӿ��Կ����ո����������е���ѧ˼�룬ʵ�����Ǽ�ΪƬ�澲ֹ�������ģ�����˵�������Ǹ�ʱ�����˵�˼����ձ��������͡�ŷ������ƪ���Ķԡ���ʥ����������˵���������ո����׻���ŷ�����壬���ѡ���ʥ��������һ�����壬�����Ǿ���۲��߶Ծ���������ijһ�ض�ʱ�վ���״̬���ж������ո����ס�һ���ں�����������ҵ������Ϊ�ӽ����������֪Ϊ��������•Ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÖªÎªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÚµÄ¸ï¿½Öªï¿½ï¿½Ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Îªï¿½ï¿½ÖªÎªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÂµÄºÍ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÂµÄ£ï¿½8�������ո����׵ĸ����Ҳͬ�����Ŷ��ڵ��ºͲ����µĻ��֣������ߵ��������ڣ��ո�����û����ʶ�������ڵ������Ļ���ȡ�����˵������жϣ����жϱ�׼��ʱ�ո��������һ�ɲ�������������塣����•Ã·ï¿½Ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÖªÎªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Î¨ï¿½Äµï¿½ï¿½Øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò²ï¿½Ç¸ï¿½ï¿½Ó¿Í¹ÛµÄ¡ï¿½ �ո����׵ġ�ڵ�ʷ������Լ���ڵ�ʶ����µı�ڵ���߷��µġ�������֪���������Ķ��ǡ����塱����������֪����ʵ�����ǡ����ڶ���ì�ܵ���֪���͡����ڲ�����ȷ�������֪�������Ǿ͡�ŷ������ƪ��Ϊ����ǰ�ߵġ���֪������ŷ������������ɶ����Ƴ��������໥ì�ܣ����ߵġ���֪������ŷ�������޷���ȷ������������Ϊ֪���ġ���ʥ������Ҳ���ո�������ѧ˼������������Եı��֡������Ķ����Dz����ڵģ�����������ֻ�����䱾����ʾ���κθ�������һ�������һ��������ı�Ô������������ı��ʡ��ո����ױ���Ҳ��Ϊ���������ǻ�ֻ���������У������˶����ǻ۵�׷�棬ֻ�ܽӽ��ǻۡ�������ˣ��ո����ײ�˵������֪���ģ�������ʲôҲ��֪����������˵����һ����ۣ�ʵ��Ȼ��ǰ���֪������ߵ�֪�����岻ͬ�����ߵ�֪����ʵ�����ǡ�������֪���ĸ�� ����ǰ��˵�Ķ�������⣬Ҫ��һ�����ﶨ��������ֻ�������������ġ���֪����������˵������֪�����Ǹ�֪Ϊ����ǰ�ߵġ���֪���Ѿ��ǻ��ڸ�֪�ߵġ����ߵġ���֪Ϊ�����Ǹ�֪�ߵ��ж������൱�ڡ�A����A��������ʵ���к����κ����壬��ֻ���������ܹ�ܿ������б�Ȼ���ڵġ�������������
�ο����ף� ��1�����ո����ס���On Socrates����[��]����•Ã·ï¿½ï¿½Hope May���������� ��2����������ר�����ʾ��ڵ�һ�γ��ֵĺ�������Ӣ���׼д���� ��3�����ո����ס������Ի��������������ɺ������� ��4��ͬ��3�� ��5��ɫŵ���ڡ�Զ���ǡ���Hellenica���и�������ʮ���������֣�Polychares, Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides, Hieron, Mnesilochus, Chremon, Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias, Chaereleos, Anaetius, Peison, Sophocles, Eratosthenes, Charicles, Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines, Theogenes, Cleomedes, Erasistraus, Pheidon, Dracontides, Eumathes, Aristotle, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides���� ��6��ڵ�ʷ���elenchus ��7��ͬ��1�� ��8��ͬ��1��
PS�����������������Ի���Ë�ˡ���ר�ŷ���ϣ�������������ڵ�ϣ���ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¡ï¿½ï¿½É£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Çµï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢Ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Íµï¿½ï¿½Ë²Å·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Æ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
|
|