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[资料] “当星光将箭头融化”的出处

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发表于 2006-12-23 19:01:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式



此句出自于布莱克的Tyger (老虎)
原文是
When the stars threw down their spears
And water'd heaven with their tears:
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger和Lamb是Blake在Songs of Innocence and Experience内的经典之作。  所谓 Songs of Innocence and Experience, 其实是两本诗集, 里面每一首诗在另外一本内都相呼应; Tyger作为 Lamb的对应是作者对造物者的疑问; 创造了如此恐怖的老虎的主宰, 是否就是那个创造如此无瑕的羔羊的造物主呢?

在Fallout 2内, 创作组用这个典故来点出这个系列的中心冲突 -- 想要用FEV, 原子弹毁灭这个世界的人类, 是不是就是那些创造这个美丽世界的人类呢?


此处翻译成"替罪羔羊" 似乎与英文原意有出入
发表于 2006-12-23 20:30:07 | 显示全部楼层
[s:2]  [s:1] 不错!长见识了!
发表于 2006-12-24 11:11:19 | 显示全部楼层
这个文化贴因该送咖啡馆阿~~~ [s:5]
发表于 2006-12-24 23:22:20 | 显示全部楼层
William Blake:The Tyger(导读)


  

William Blake, frontispiece
to Blair's Grave, 1808
(NGV. 44a)

布莱克在那个时代被视为异类,但他的许多观念却为现代读者所接受。当该诗创作出来时,人们认为一个诗人对野生动物感兴趣事件非常奇怪的事儿。当时的人们并不能像今天的读者那样,可以看到有关野生动物的纪录片。那时人人们只能从动物园或马戏团里看到那些珍奇的动物。但即使如此,老虎仍然是难得一见,它的形象可能偶尔会出现在地毯或者针织品上(这后来在 19世纪变得非常普遍)。正如今天的人们把老虎视为野生动物的象征,布莱克也把这种动物看作一种象征,但问题是它究竟象征什么呢?我们或许可以从他的另一首诗《羊羔》或者原诗中的第5节中找到一些线索。布莱克想象的奇异使得那些过于简单的解释都难以自圆其说。我们不能十分肯定布莱克究竟想通过老虎这个形象向我们传达些什么,但他笔下的老虎所表现出的自然界之王者风范和异常强大的力量是不言而喻的。

布莱克将此诗的题目命名为《老虎》,这让人立刻就注意到这是一种奇特的或者与众不同的生物。诗歌开始的那两句脍炙人口的双行押韵句表达了昏暗的“黑夜的森林”与那让人印象深刻的“燃烧着的煌煌的火光”的老虎的色彩形成的对比。布莱克仿佛用一个画家的眼睛在描绘。

接下来的问题直指“老虎”本身,虽然读者关于老虎象征意义的理解问题不亚于此。人们通常把前者称为“修辞学”上的问题(这个词常用于正式的书面语,它的希腊文为rhetoric),因为这些问题通常都不会有确切的答案。然而那些需要回答的问题本身同样模棱两可。例如需要回答的第一个问题可能是“上帝的”(神手或天眼),但与其说布莱克要问“是谁的(力量)”(Whose?)还不如说是要问“是哪种(力量)”(What kind of?)。

我们无法想象是哪个人或者哪一个种东西,竟然有如此强大的力量创造出这样一种生物。关于老虎是被神手或天眼所造的观念与《圣经·创世纪》里的故事又有关:上帝在伊甸园中行走而挪亚被关在他的方舟里。布莱克在这里再次用一双画家和雕刻师的眼睛去观察老虎,它那“威武堂堂”却也错综复杂的斑纹。那是一个细腻敏感的人类艺术家对一件神圣而伟大的艺术杰作所发出的由衷的敬畏。

  

布莱克在诗里问到老虎眼中的火焰源自何处?仿佛是某个艺高胆大的人抓住这团火焰,将其放在老虎的眼中。(在希腊神话中,普罗米修斯从天神那里盗取火种教给了人类)诗人为老虎内在那股复杂的驱动力而惊叹,为让那样的心脏跳动的力量所惊奇。诗人思索着这样的动物,它的大脑是如何被创造出来的“是怎样的槌……在怎样的熔炉中……是怎样的铁砧?”

倒数第二节将我们带回到《圣经·创世纪》的创造故事中:在创造万物那六天中的每一天,上帝都看这一切“甚好”。上帝在这里被赋予一个凡人的具像,他正在为自己的杰作而欢欣雀跃,然而布莱克却感到困惑:老虎真的是上帝所造吗?如果是,那么同样出自上帝之手,为何老虎和羊羔会如此大相径庭?带着诗歌最开始的问题,全诗恰到好处地结束了。诗人把还是的动词“能”(Could)换成了结尾时的“胆敢”(Dare),使它读起来更加有力。

这首诗与其说探究的是“老虎是什么”,不如说诗人仿佛像一个动物学家或者一个亲眼目睹的观察者那样欲要告诉我们:“老虎的真正意义是什么”。布莱克把老虎想象成上帝创造力的杰作:它有着令人惊骇的壮美,力量和活力。

附原文:

Blake was regarded in his time as very strange, but many of his ideas make sense to the modern reader. When this poem was written it was most unusual for writers to show interest in wild animals. People did not have access to wildlife documentaries on television, as we do today: exotic animals might be seen in circuses and zoos, but tigers would be a rarity, perhaps turning up stuffed or as rugs (this was to become very common in the 19th century). Just as today the tiger is a symbol of (endangered) wildlife, so for Blake, the animal is important as a symbol - but of what? One clue is to be found in the comparison with The Lamb (see the next poem, and the fifth stanza of this one). Blake's images defy simple explanation: we cannot be certain what he wants us to think the tiger represents, but something of the majesty and power of God's creation in the natural world seems to be present.

Blake's spelling in the title (The Tyger) at once suggests the exotic or alien quality of the beast. The memorable opening couplet (pair of rhyming lines) points to the contrast of the dark "forest of the night" (which suggests an unknown and hostile place) and the intense "burning" brightness of the tiger's colouring: Blake writes here with a painter's eye.

The questions that follow are directed at the tiger, though they are as much questions for the reader. They are of the kind sometimes called rhetorical (frequently used in public speaking, rhetoric in Greek) because no answer is given. However, these are questions to which the answer is far from obvious. For example, the answer to the first question might be "God's" ("immortal hand or eye"), but Blake is asking not so much "whose?" as "what kind of?" We are challenged to imagine someone or something so powerful as to be able to create this animal. The idea that the tiger is made by someone with hands and eyes suggests the stories in the Biblical book of Genesis, where God walks in the Garden of Eden and shuts Noah in his ark. It is again the painter and engraver who observes the complexity of the tiger's markings in their "fearful symmetry". The sensitive human artist is awe-struck by the divine artistry.

Blake asks where the fire in the tiger's eyes originates. It is as if some utterly daring person has seized this fire and given it to the tiger (as, in Greek myth, Prometheus stole fire from the gods and gave it to men). The poet is amazed at the complexity of the tiger's inner workings ("the sinews of thy heart"), at the greater power that set the heart beating, and wonders how the animal's brain was forged: "What the hammer...in what furnace...what the anvil?"

The penultimate (last but one) stanza takes us back to Genesis and the creation story there: on each of the six days (He rested on the seventh) God looked at His work and "saw that it was good". God is represented as being pleased with His creation, but Blake wonders whether this can be true of the tiger. If so, it is not easy to see how the same creator should have made The Lamb. The poem appropriately ends, apparently with the same question with which it started, but the change of verb from "could" to "dare" makes it even more forceful.

This poem is not so much about the tiger as it really is, or as a zoologist might present it to us; it is the Tyger, as it appears to the eye of the beholder. Blake imagines the tiger as the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality.

出处:http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/blake.htm

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发表于 2006-12-24 23:23:44 | 显示全部楼层
............

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发表于 2006-12-24 23:32:16 | 显示全部楼层
另找了一份有原文的,不知道翻译的怎么样…………
发信人: jieyi(解颐), 信区: Literature
标  题: [转载]译、赏:布莱克的《虎》与里尔克的《豹》 dabi
发信站: 饮水思源 (2006年10月03日21:30:30 星期二)

作者:dabiez
   威廉.布莱克(Wlliam Blake, 1757-1827), 19世纪天分极高的英语诗人。浪漫主义

诗歌的先驱者。精通刻字、雕版与绘画。主要诗集有《天真之歌》、《天堂与地狱的婚姻

》等。他的诗歌,摆脱了古典主义的教条,以清新的歌谣体与奔放的无韵体书写理想,书

写生活,书写对自己所置身其中的时代的无以遁逃般的体会与感悟。因此既打开了浪漫主

义的大门,又因此蒙上了神秘意味与宗教色彩。他深切同情法国大革命,深入批判当时弥

漫欧罗巴的理性主义。布莱克桀骜不驯的个性与不落流俗的悟性致使他成为英国文学史上

最富有挑战性与独创性的诗人之一。
   
《虎》,是诗人最著名的一首诗。有人认为它既是暗示法国大革命的铁与血,又隐喻着上

帝创世界的强力与活力。全诗神秘象征色彩浓郁。十几个问句一气呵成,其壮丽节奏犹如

后世尼采笔下的铁锤,铿锵有力,故被称为“铁钳般的音乐”与旋律。一种令今日汉语诗

汗颜的威猛旋律。

Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder,and what art?
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand?And what dread feet?

What the hammer?What the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil?What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears,
And water’heaven with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?


Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

本人试着重新中译如下:

虎!虎!烈焰般闪烁
闪烁在暗夜的丛林,
怎样永恒的手掌或眼睛
能锻造你惊悚的匀称如斯?

在怎样遥远的深渊或天空
你双眼的烈焰燃烧殆尽?
插上怎样的翅膀飞腾?
怎样的手掌胆敢攫取这样的火星?

以及怎样的臂膀,怎样的鬼斧神工,
得以拧制你心肌的强韧?
抑或当你的心脏搏动伊始,
那是怎样的手掌?怎样威猛的足?

怎样的铁锤?怎样的锁链?
在怎样的熔炉里铸炼你的脑骨?
怎样的铁钎?怎样悍然的腕力
胆敢扼紧它致命的恐怖?

当群星射出它们的箭矢,
当它们的泪水将天国打湿,
他曾否以他的作品笑傲?
他曾否制造羔羊般将你锻造?


虎!虎!烈焰般闪烁
闪烁在暗夜的丛林,
怎样永恒的手掌或眼睛
能锻造你惊悚的匀称如斯?

关于猫科动物的诗歌作品,除了上面这首,我一度非常喜欢另外一首:20世纪杰出的德语

诗人,里尔克的短诗:《豹》。里尔克,全名Rainer Maria Rilke,1875年生于奥地利。

1926年卒。生性敏感孤僻,曾在欧罗巴各国间广泛游历,并任当代雕塑大师罗丹秘书。
与尼采暧昧过的莎乐美,与之亦颇有瓜葛。据说莎乐美不爱尼采,唯爱里尔克。里尔克早

期诗作温柔恬美,情致绵绵。但后期诗风转向隐喻、启示与象征。格调因此隐晦深沉。深

受黑森林哲学家Heidegger推崇与喜爱。后期海德格尔称颂他为“一个贫乏时代里的真正诗

人”。现代汉语诗人冯至先生在留学欧洲,亲炙雅斯贝尔斯的同时,深受里尔克影响与熏

陶。里尔克,因此是对20世纪中国新诗诗坛影响巨大的一位德语诗人。
里尔克后期诗作深受基督神学洗礼,寓意深邃,讲求韵律,极富乐感,形式完美而具有罗

丹雕塑般的美感。《豹》是他最著名的一首。20世纪诗人笔下,牢笼里的豹,与上面布莱

克笔下生机勃勃的虎,形成了鲜明的对比。原诗德文我暂时没有找到可靠本子。而且,我

的德文水准,还远远不足以品诗。只有暂用英译。

His vision, from the constantly passing bars,
Has grown so weary that it cannot hold
Anything else.It seems to him there are
A thousand bars and behind the bars, no world.

As he spaces in cramped circles, over and over,
The movement of his powerful soft strides
Is like a ritual dance around a center
In which a mighty will stands paralyzed.

Only at times, the curtain of the pupils
Lifts, quietly!An images enters in,
Rushes down through the tensed,arrested muscles,
Plunges into the heart and is gone.

试着重译如下:

穿越那无尽的栅栏,它的视野
已那么疲惫。以致再也无以把握
其他万物。于它而言惟有
一千条栅栏。栅栏后面,已没有了世界。

于是它不停地踱步,在这铁钳般的牢笼
移动吧,你强健而轻柔的步履
宛如一支圆舞曲,在这狭小的世界中心
在这里,瘫痪一个雄奇的意志。

你仅仅是时而不时,撩起你的眼睑
静静地撩起!一幅图像随之进入
紧张的肌肉,被这样束缚,
冲决的渴望涌入心灵,然后消逝。

                                     2006-9-10  夜 记写于沪

另一份,用于对比参照吧
Tiger! Tiger! Burning bright 老虎!老虎!光焰闪耀,
In the forests of the night, 在黑夜的丛林中熊熊燃烧,
What immortal hand or eye 什么样的不朽之手和眼
Could frame thy fearful symmetry? 造成你那可怕的匀称外貌?
In what distant deeps or skies 你眼中的烈火熊熊
Burnt the fire of thine eyes? 来自多远的深处或高空?
On what wings dare he aspire? 他凭什么翅膀敢飞到九天?
What the hand dare seize the fire? 什么样的手敢去抓这火焰?
And what shoulder, and what art, 什么样的臂力,什么样的技艺
Could twist the sinews of thy heart? 才能拧成你那心脏的腱肌?
And when thy heart began to beat, 什么样的手,什么样的脚,
What dread hand? And what dread feet? 才使得你的心脏开始弹跳?
What the hammer? What the chain? 用什么样的锤子?什么样的链条?
In what furnace was thy brain? 在什么样的炉里炼成了你的大脑?
What the anvil? What dread grasp 在什么样的铁砧上?用什么样的臂力
Dare its deadly terrors clasp? 敢抓住这可以致命的可怕东西?
When the stars threw down their spears, 当星星投下他们的矛枪,
And watered heaven with their tears, 用他们的泪水浇灌穹苍,
Did he smile his work to see? 他见到自己的作品时可微笑?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee? 难道是他造了你也造了羊羔?

Tiger! Tiger! Burning bright 老虎!老虎!光焰闪耀,
In the forests of the night, 在黑夜的丛林中熊熊燃烧,
What immortal hand or eye, 什么样的不朽之手和眼
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 造成你那可怕的匀称外貌?
发表于 2007-5-14 13:03:24 | 显示全部楼层
补充:布莱克这首诗的第一句“Tiger! Tiger!”被作为一部经典科幻小说的书名:阿尔弗雷德.贝斯特著《群星,我的归宿》,经典中的经典……
发表于 2007-5-22 21:54:20 | 显示全部楼层
个人认为没有翻译错
联系核战想一下
发表于 2008-8-21 22:32:56 | 显示全部楼层
这个郭沫若也翻译过,现在初中某册语文课本里有。
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